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Suppose heat is input into a constant volume chamber containing a monatomic (单原子) gas,  |
 for monatomic ideal gas only
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Additional kinetic energy associated with rotation and vibration should be considered for diatomic and polyatomic gas.
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Theorem of equipartition of energy (能量均分定理): The thermal energy of a system of particles is equally divided among all the possible energy modes (degree of freedom), that is,0.5kT per molecule.
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Degrees of freedom (自由度) |
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Diatomic gas:  Polyatomic:  Monatomic solids:  |
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Molecules speed distribution (分布) |
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Distribution function: P(v)
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| Number of molecules having the speed in the range between v and v+dv is given by |
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The probability that a randomly chosen molecule will have a speed in the interval v to v+dv is P( v) dv.  |
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Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution |
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Phase diagram (相图) |
A graph showing different phases of matter, phase transitions, and phase equilibriums, etc.
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